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Is breast reduction plastic surgery covered by insurance?A patient may require breast reduction cosmetic surgery for aesthetic reasons, functional reasons, or both. Oversized breasts may not only be unsatisfactory to a woman from an aesthetic viewpoint but may also be a reason for discomfort and pain.

Excessively large breasts can lead to constant pain in areas such as the neck, back, and the site where the bra straps support the heavy breasts.

Other than discomfort and pain, a woman with oversized breasts may find it challenging to undertake specific physical activities, exercises as well as routine chores involving bending and lifting heavy objects. The functional problems may encourage a woman to consider a breast reduction procedure to enhance the quality of her life.

Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery, led by sagacious plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim, provides breast reduction surgery to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and surrounding communities across the horizon.

Insurance Coverage for Breast Reduction

Breast reduction plastic surgery may or may not be covered by insurance. Every medical insurance provider has different policies about such surgery.

If the insurer believes that the breast reduction procedure is necessary medically for an individual policyholder, they may offer coverage for the surgery. It is essential to understand what portion of the surgery will be covered by insurance. The typical cost elements of a breast reduction surgery are:

If the medical insurance company views breast reduction as a medically necessary procedure, the total cost of the surgery may be covered.

But the patient must be able to show the insurer that the procedure is necessary for relief from the medical problems arising due to excessively large breasts. Several health insurance companies will accept breast reduction surgery as medically necessary contingent to the breast tissue percentage that needs to be eliminated.

This factor is an indicator for the insurer in evaluating how critically the patient requires a breast reduction procedure for medical purposes. The patient will usually need pre-certification for breast reduction insurance coverage or reimbursement. Patients who depend on the insurance coverage for this surgery should go ahead with the procedure only after they clear all formalities with their health insurance company.

Determining Coverage Status

Patients should contact their insurance company directly prior to commencing with the breast reduction process. In many instances, the insurer will ask for a letter of certification from a physician explaining that the patient is suffering from pain and discomfort resulting from oversized breasts.

The insurance provider may also ask for a letter from the surgeon before the procedure. This letter will detail the surgeon’s assessment on the amount of breast tissue that requires removal.

Even if such efforts result only in partial coverage for the surgery, it can be a considerable financial support for the patient. Dedicated cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles and other cities and towns in this area of SoCal for breast reduction.

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.

How much does Breast Reduction Plastic Surgery Cost?In a major procedure such as breast reduction cosmetic surgery, the dollar amount becomes a starting point for several patients.

During the pre-operative consultation, the surgeon will explain various facets of the breast reduction surgery to the patient, including the cost estimate. The patient should freely ask questions, express concerns, and clarify issues about the sticker price of the surgery such as payment methods, financing, and insurance.

The first objective of a committed surgeon is to make sure that the patient has a comprehensive understanding of the breast reduction surgery and can make a well-informed choice. Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery, led by the judicious plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim, provides breast reduction surgery to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and other communities and suburbs in this part of California.

Cost Variables

Various factors impact the monetary amount of a breast reduction surgical procedure, such as:

Surgeon’s Fee

The surgeon’s fee will typically depend on their experience, expertise, and recognition in the field of breast surgery. Surgeons who are in plastic surgery usually invest in the latest technology and best medical practices, adopt advanced surgical techniques, pursue ongoing education and follow the most current safety protocols.

As per the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, patients should select the most suitable surgeon for their requirements. Factors such as the surgeon’s fee should not be the primary consideration in choosing a surgeon.

Location of the Practice

Breast reduction surgery costs can vary between locations. Practices situated in important metropolitan cities and main urban centers will have higher costs because of the higher expenses pertaining to real estate and various other overheads. Relatively, a practice in a small interior town may have lower costs.

Surgical Venue and Anesthesia

Breast reduction surgery may require general anesthesia. This entails anesthesiologist or anesthetic nurse fees who will charge as per their experience and expertise. They will be in attendance during the procedure to oversee the patient’s response to the anesthesia.

The surgeon may be able to perform the breast reduction surgery at an accredited surgical center, hospital, or private surgical suite. The costs and advantages will differ in each instance. Surgical centers are more sought-after these days as they provide reliable quality standards and services at more affordable costs in comparison to hospitals.

Additional Costs

For a correct price tag estimate, the patient should evaluate all dollar figure aspects associated with the procedure. These may include:

Extent of the Surgery

Certain patients may need only minor breast tissue reduction to enhance the appearance of the breast while others may require more extensive tissue removal and fat reduction via liposuction. The surgeon may need to reposition the areola in some cases.

The patient may also require tightening of the underlying breast muscles as well as a breast lift procedure in addition to a breast reduction surgery. The total cost will differ as per the complexity and length of the surgery. Committed cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles and nearby areas for breast reduction.

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.

Breast Reduction Plastic SurgeryBreast reduction, medically known as reduction mammaplasty, is a cosmetic surgery procedure to decrease the volume and size of the breasts making them more proportionate to the body. This procedure not only makes the breasts appear more appealing but also provides relief to the patient from medical issues related to oversized breasts.

Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery, led by plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim, provides breast reduction surgery to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and surrounding communities.

Problems with Excessively Large Breasts

Excessively large breasts can impact the symmetry and proportion of the body. They can create hindrances in physical activities such as vigorous sports as well as certain kinds of movements and bending. The patient may find it challenging to wear specific types of clothing and can feel conscious in social settings. Oversized breasts may lead to pain in the neck, shoulders, and back. Furthermore, the patient may experience rashes or irritation in the heavy breast fold or crease.

Ideal Candidates

Breast reduction surgery is effectively a reverse procedure to a breast implant surgery. The surgeon will assess the patients overall medical status, previous breast surgery history, and her personal cosmetic objectives prior to recommending a breast reduction plastic surgery procedure. Patients who are unhappy with excessively large breasts, whether aesthetically or due to physical discomfort, may be ideal candidates for this surgical procedure.

The surgery is useful in instances where stubborn breast fat, surplus skin, and tissue do not respond to diet and exercise. A good breast reduction candidate should not smoke or be willing to quit smoking for a few weeks before and after the procedure. Additionally, the candidate should have realistic expectations from the surgery.

Breast Reduction Procedure

Similar to breast lift and breast augmentation, a breast reduction procedure is performed under IV sedation or general anesthesia. The surgeon will ensure that the incisions are created in inconspicuous sites on the breasts. A customized treatment plan will determine whether the surgeon will place the incision circumferentially around the areola or in a keyhole pattern.

The surgeon may place anchor-shaped or vertical incisions as well, depending on the amount of skin and fat that needs to be removed. Then the surgeon will reduce the underlying fat tissue in the breast, remove surplus skin, and tighten weak breast muscles through this incision.

They may reduce the size of the areola and reposition the nipple as well. Then sutures are placed deep inside the breast tissue to provide support to the new breast shape. Lastly, the surgeon closes the incisions with sutures or skin adhesive.

Results

The results of breast reduction surgery are noticeable immediately following the procedure. But it may take a few weeks for the inflammation and bruising to resolve and the incisions lines to become more discreet. The final results of the surgery will become apparent after the healing process is complete.

The outcomes of breast reduction surgery last for a long time if the patient follows a healthy regimen of diet and exercise. Experienced cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles and nearby areas for breast reduction.

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.

How to choose the best breast lift surgeon in Beverly Hills?Breast lift cosmetic surgery requires advanced surgical skills and techniques to create appealing yet natural and conservative outcomes. The choice of an experienced and well-qualified surgeon is vital to the success of a breast lift procedure.

Patients should judiciously choose the most suitable surgeon for their requirements. During the pre-op consultation, the patient should freely ask questions and express concerns regarding the surgeon’s practice and the actual procedure.

Beverly Hills Plastic Surgery, led by dignified plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim, provides breast lift surgery to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and other communities and suburbs in this area of the country.

Professional Credentials

Sagacious Dr. David Kim moved to New York after completing his surgical residency in Chicago. Subsequently, he joined a practice in Beverly Hills where he enhanced his skills as a cosmetic surgeon. Dr. Kim is by the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS), which is the most authoritative board in the US and the only board recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.

The reliable Dr. Kim is committed to achieving the best outcomes possible while upholding a philosophy of “safety first” in every plastic surgery procedure he performs. Dr. Kim is also an author for the Skin Deep Magazine.

Training and Experience

Undergraduate Training

University of Illinois at Champaign 85′ – 89′

Medical School

University of Illinois at Chicago 89′ – 93′

Residency Training

General Surgery – Mt Sinai Hospital 93′ – 97′

Plastic Surgery – Montefiore Medical Center 97′ – 99′

Research

University of Illinois at Chicago 95′ – 96′

Private Practice

Beverly Hills, CA 99′ – present

Reviewing the Surgeon’s Website

Patients should take a look at the surgeon’s website before they visit them for a pre-operative consultation. The website will serve as a primary information source about the surgeon’s background as well as their practice. This will allow for a more productive consultation.

The patient should freely ask questions or express concerns during the consultation. A dedicated surgeon will clarify all doubts regarding the procedure, and help the patient make an informed decision.

Choosing a Surgeon

The ABPS is the only board that the American Board of Medical Specialties recognizes. It follows stringent standards in awarding certification. Patients who select a plastic surgeon are assured that the surgeon would have received at least 3 to 5 years of medical training, with a minimum of 2 years of dedicated plastic surgery training.

plastic surgeons also pursue continuing training to stay updated on the most advanced techniques in cosmetic surgery as well as follow the current safety protocols to offer patients the safest and most efficient outcomes.

Individualized Care and Attention

A breast lift procedure is a personal journey for a patient. She should strive to choose a surgeon with whom she feels comfortable and who is willing to offer her enough time to address her questions and concerns. The surgeon should be accessible to her throughout the surgery process as well as recovery.

Customization

The surgeon’s objective in surgery such as breast lift should be to cause minimal tissue trauma, create tauter and firmer breasts through tiny and inconspicuously placed incisions, and assist the patient in attaining desirable results with minimal downtime and pain.

Dr. Kim meets these objectives for his patients by designing and implementing an individualized surgical plan that accounts for the patient’s distinctive breast anatomy and her personal aesthetic goals. Cordial cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles and nearby areas for breast lift

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.

Hyperpigmentation Treatment Options | Beverly Hills Plastic SurgeryHyperpigmentation is usually a harmless condition where certain areas of the skin darken in comparison to the skin surrounding them. This condition occurs when excess melanin (which is the brown pigment that renders the skin its color) causes deposits on the skin.

Certain kinds of pigmentation such as those due to acne can lighten over time even without treatment. However, most cases of discoloration require treatment with strong, active ingredients, and non cosmetic surgery in-office procedures to eliminate these surface spots.

plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim provides breast lift to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles and surrounding communities.

Microdermabrasion for Minimal Darkness

In microdermabrasion, the topmost layer of the skin is delicately removed to address darkness, sunspots, and other such minimal and superficial pigmentation. Some microdermabrasion procedures encompass an additional step, in which special anti-pigment ingredients are suffused in the skin to create a brighter effect.

Chemical Peels for Stubborn Spots

Patients may be offered glycolic acid, salicylic acid, and TCA chemical peels to address discoloration. Chemical peels are quite effective at providing quicker results and eradicating deeper pigment. The provider can alter the potency of chemical peels to be suitable for the depth and type of procedure. But a peel is not ideal for every skin type and color. If the patient has skin that scars easily, then they should consider alternative options.

Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) for Discoloration from the Sun

IPL is a sought-after option for the treatment of discoloration due to sun exposure. This treatment encompasses light-based energy that is pulsed on the skin while targeting blood vessels at the same time. The light identifies the discoloration of the skin and lifts it away. The treatment areas may turn dark and experience flaking after a few days.

Fractional Laser for Stubborn Discoloration

Fractional laser is the most effective and intense alternative available for the treatment of stubborn pigmentation. Advanced laser techniques cause controlled and safe micro-injuries to the skin. These injuries stimulate the skin’s own healing mechanism. This helps in diminishing the discoloration leading to fresh, more youthful-looking skin to surface.

Obagi for Less Intensive Treatment

Obagi prescription skin care range is a good option for patients who do not want to undergo more intensive or plastic surgery treatments that may need longer recovery. Obagi offers a wide array of products for skin care that are available on a dermatologist’s prescription.

Other Treatment Suggestions

A combination of over the counter topical skincare products that comprise active ingredients (such as niacinamide or soy) may assist in brightening the skin and are good for everyday usage.

The use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher is strongly recommended to avoid further skin darkening.

A treatment provider can customize a patient’s treatment plan by the extent and seriousness of the pigmentation and their skin tone. The treatment may involve a single therapy or a combination of various therapies.  

Experienced cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and nearby areas for breast lift surgery.

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.

Questions to Ask Your Breast Lift Surgeon | Beverly Hills Plastic SurgeryAt the time of pre-operative consultation, the patient should ask relevant questions about breast lift cosmetic surgery in order to make an informed decision.

plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim provides breast lift to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles and surrounding communities.

 

Will a Breast Lift surgery modify the size of my breasts?

No. A breast lift procedure does not alter the size of the breasts. It only changes the position and contour of the breasts. However, breasts can seem smaller post breast lift surgery.

 

What Steps are Required to Prepare for a Breast Lift Surgery?

The patient and surgeon will create a personalized plan to address the unique needs of the patient. Some typical steps in preparing for a breast lift plastic surgery procedure include:

 

What are the Risks Involved in a Breast Lift Surgery?

There are certain risks inherent in a breast lift procedure, just like any surgery. The patient must evaluate the possible complications and risks against the potential advantages before deciding to go ahead with a breast lift surgery. If the patient is candid during the consultation, it can significantly decrease the chances of potential problems.

However, all of these risks to do not apply individually. They form a general compilation of various possible risks. You must discuss the highest risks associated with your case during consultations with the surgeon.

 

How much Scarring will Occur after Breast Lift Surgery?

All breast lift procedures will cause some scarring. These can be insignificant and discreetly hidden in the areola. Furthermore, some scars can be more significant extending on the breast or in the crease beneath the breast. Attempts to prevent necessary incisions can cause undesired outcomes specific to persistent laxity of the breasts. The surgeon will place incisions that are permanent. However, the scars will fade over time.

 

What to Expect during Post-op Recovery?

The surgeon will dress or bandage your incisions immediately following a breast lift surgery. It is essential to support your breasts by wearing a bra during the recovery period. This also assists in reducing the inflammation. Most patients can resume their regular regimen within one week or ten days.

 

How long with the Results of Breast Lift last?

The results of your breast lift procedure will be visible immediately. However, the outcome will be more visible over the following few months as the inflammation subsides and the breasts recover entirely. These outcomes are long-lasting. Though, your breasts will most likely change continually with age and gravity. To ensure your youthful appearance for a long period, ensure that you maintain a healthy lifestyle and ideal weight.

 

Will a Breast Lift Interfere with my Future Pregnancy?

Breast lifts usually do not impact breast function. This means that you can conceive with negligible complications. But it is advisable to wait for a breast lift surgery till you do not plan to have more children. The weight gain and alterations to your breasts tissue during pregnancy can adversely impact the advantages from your breast lift surgery.

Dedicated cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and nearby areas across the horizon for breast lift surgery.

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.

Preparing For Breast Lift Surgery | Beverly Hills Plastic SurgeryA breast lift cosmetic surgery procedure is aimed at addressing laxity and sagginess in the breasts, which may occur due to aging or other factors. The procedure will also correct the position of nipples, if they are downward pointing. Breast lift surgery can successfully restore the perky, youthful appearance of the breasts.

The surgeon will help the patient to form realistic expectations from this surgery. They will recommend the patient to review multiple before and after photos of previous patients. plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim provides breast lift to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and other towns and suburbs in this part of The Golden State.

Interaction with Previous Patients

While preparing for a breast lift plastic surgery procedure, the candidate may interact with former breast lift patients who may be willing to share their experiences. Various online platforms such as Facebook, RealSelf, and other websites and forums offer candidates an opportunity to connect with breast lift procedure patients.

Preparatory Steps

If the surgeon suggests certain lifestyle changes or reaching a specific body weight range, the patient should strive to achieve these goals for ideal results from her breast lift. It will also help to reduce the risks of complications.

Before the surgery, the surgeon will ask the patient to:

The patient should enlist someone to give her a ride back home after the surgery and to stay with her for at least the first night post-surgery. Experienced cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and other cities and communities in this region of SoCal for breast lift.

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.

Whether pregnancy or weight fluctuations have taken a toll on the appearance of your stomach, tummy tuck surgery is an effective method to regain your sleek, toned core.  If you are looking to hit the beach this summer with confidence, this procedure can help you sculpt the beach body you deserve. Here are five things to know about the tummy tuck:

Want to learn more about what this procedure can do for your specific needs? Schedule a consultation with Dr. Kim.

Your Breast Lift Consultation | Beverly Hills Plastic SurgeryAs a first step while considering breast lift cosmetic surgery procedure, the patient would have a detailed pre-op consultation with the surgeon.

The surgeon will examine the patient thoroughly to establish her candidacy for a breast lift surgery. They will also assess the patient’s medical history to ensure that the risk of complications is not high.

The patient should proactively engage with the surgeon, carry a list of questions to ask, and ideally also carry a list of medications that she currently takes so that the surgeon can make the appropriate recommendations. plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim provides breast lift to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and surrounding communities.

Determining Candidacy

During the pre-operative consultation, the patient will get an opportunity to discuss her aesthetic goals with the surgeon. The surgeon will assess the patient as a candidate for a breast lift plastic surgery and explain the incision techniques that may be most suitable for her.

It is essential that the patient is frank and forthright during this discussion about her health and cosmetic concerns and goals.

Physical Evaluation

The surgeon will assess, measure, and take pictures of the patient’s breasts for medical records.

The surgeon will evaluate:

If the patient feels that their breasts are too small or large, then the surgeon might suggest breast reduction or breast augmentation procedure in addition to breast lift.

Medical History

The patient should attend this consultation with the openness to discuss her complete medical history. This may include the following information:

The patient should inform the surgeon if she plans to lose a significant amount of weight or become pregnant in near future. Furthermore, pregnancy can have an unpredictable impact on the results of a breast lift procedure.

Planning the Surgery

This consultation will provide the patient with an opportunity to understand which surgical techniques will be most suitable for her. The surgeon will also address any questions or concerns regarding the procedure. The patient should be open about her expectations and objectives for best outcomes.

The patient’s goals and her health and physical evaluation will help the surgeon create a customized breast surgery plan.

Key Aspects to Discuss

The suggestions and information that the surgeon shares with the patient may include:

The surgeon will also discuss breast implant or fat transfer alternatives if the patient decides to receive breast augmentation along with a mastopexy. Dignified cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and other cities and towns across the horizon for a breast lift.

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.

Mastopexy, which is popularly called breast lift, is a cosmetic surgery procedure aimed at making the breasts appear tighter and more youthful by gently lifting the breast tissue.

During the breast lift procedure, the surgeon will remove excess skin from the breasts and may also tighten the underlying muscles and reposition the nipples to a raised level.

At the time of initial consultation, the surgeon will carefully determine the patient’s candidacy for breast lift. Splendid, remarkable, and plastic surgeon Dr. David Kim provides breast lift to patients in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles and surrounding locations.

Who should choose breast lift surgery?

The surgeon will closely examine a number of physical and other parameters to determine the patient’s candidacy for breast lift plastic surgery. If the patient suffers only from minor skin laxity in the breast area, the surgeon may suggest a non-surgical procedure for maintenance. Some other patients may have significantly drooping breasts to warrant a breast lift surgery.

In some cases, the breasts may have deflated or lost volume. This condition can be corrected with a combination of breast lift and breast augmentation surgery.

If a woman is unhappy with her sagging breast appearance and the nipples are pointing downwards, it may not be possible to reverse the condition with diet or exercise. In such cases, breast lift surgery may be the ideal treatment option. Breasts may droop heavily due to the following reasons:

Characteristics of a Good Candidate

Suitable candidates for breast lift will typically have the following attributes:

Breast Skin has Some Elasticity

If the candidate for breast lift has some amount of natural skin elasticity remaining in the breasts, it will help her achieve more effective results. The surgeon’s goal is to produce most beneficial outcomes, which is possible in such cases.

General Good Health

The surgeon will evaluate the candidate’s general health condition and review her medical records. Breast lift surgery is usually performed using general anesthesia, and the patient should be fit enough to undergo the procedure without any risk factors. The patient should not be suffering from any such health condition that could increase the risk of bleeding or delay healing.

Other Attributes

A suitable candidate for breast lift should ideally be a non-smoker or willing to quit smoking for a minimum time period specified by the surgeon. Candidates who have a positive mindset, clear aesthetic priorities, and realistic expectations will usually achieve the best satisfaction levels from a breast lift surgery.

Shining and caring cosmetic surgeon Dr. David Kim receives patients from Beverly Hills, Los Angeles and other communities and cities in this area of California for breast lift surgery and various other surgical and non-surgical aesthetic procedures.

For more information on the surgical and non-surgical procedures and treatments by Cosmetic Plastic Surgeons Dr. David Kim and Dr. Eugene Kim, contact us (310) 271-6996 at or click here.

Serving Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Orange County, Southern California and surrounding areas.